The EU & Russia Move Forward with “Blocking Statutes” in Response to U.S. Exit from Iran Nuclear Deal
Today, the EC announced that it is moving forward with a package of measures to blunt the impact of renewed U.S. sanctions on Iran following the U.S. exit from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). Included in those measures is the planned activation of the EU blocking statute, which would bar EU companies from complying with the extraterritorial effects of U.S. sanctions requirements on Iran. The statute is also intended to insulate EU companies from certain U.S. sanctions penalties. Implementation of blocking statutes can create a situation in which companies must decide which country’s law they are going to violate – if they cannot find an approach that avoids the conflict.
It is not yet clear what effect this initiative will have on EU companies. The current language in the blocking statute allows each EU member state to “determine the sanctions to be imposed in the event of breach of any relevant provisions” as long as such sanctions are “effective, proportional and dissuasive.” This could mean dealing with multiple different approaches in Europe.
In addition to the EU blocking action, on May 14, 2018, the Russian Parliament introduced new legislation in retaliation for U.S. sanctions against Russia. The proposed law would function like a blocking statute, imposing criminal liability for compliance with U.S. and other foreign sanctions against Russian parties. So far, the Duma (the lower house of Russia’s parliament) approved the first of three readings of the proposed law. It will also need to be endorsed by the Federation Council (the upper house of parliament) and signed by the Russian president before publication.
While the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sometimes works with companies when blocking statutes are in place, the agency has also enforced U.S. sanctions irrespective of another country’s blocking statute. In 2013, for example, OFAC fined American Express over $5 million for apparent violations of the U.S. embargo on Cuba because its foreign branch offices and subsidiaries issued thousands of tickets for travel between Cuba and countries other than the United States. OFAC noted in its decision that many of the tickets were issued to countries in the EU, which had adopted “antidote” measures (i.e., blocking statutes) prohibiting compliance with the U.S. embargo on Cuba.
According to a press release from the EC, the current aim is for the blocking statute to come into force before August 6, 2018 – the date on which the first set of U.S. secondary sanctions on Iran are scheduled to be re-imposed. If the EC implements legislation on this timeline, EU companies will face a difficult choice between complying with local law and risking significant penalties from OFAC. Given the significant uncertainty regarding the snapback of U.S. sanctions and the potential legislation in the EU and Russia, companies with a significant presence in Europe or Russia should monitor developments carefully and develop a plan to deal with potential conflicts.